Outline of this page

• Gravitational Time
  • 5.1 ns time constant
  • Factors of G, Newton’s constant
  • The Speed of Space
  • time derivatives and inertia
  • time dilation philosophy
  • 4 Dimensions and expansion of the universe
• Time-Like Atomic Mirror Analogy
  • Definitions of time-like and space-like dimensions
  • Expansion of the universe, deuterium and neutrinos
  • Photon frequency using time-like dimension
    • energy from velocity*momentum
  • index of refraction and Snell’s Law
  • Time-like dilation in molecules
  • Maxwell-Heaviside equations
  • Expansion of a subuniverse
  • 4 + 4 Dimensions
• Mirrors of Times in Protons
  • Center of the proton
  • Traction from gravitational time to electric time-like
    • 3D space is mirrored to be time
    • 2D space-like-charge-area is mirrored to be time-like
  • Mirror in the electron
  • Collision with a mirror inside a proton makes shards
• Conclusion effort by Alan Charles Folmsbee on April 18, 2026
  • The Composite Formula
  • Time-curvature near a nucleus

Gravitational Time

Time on a pendulum clock is gravitational time. A quartz crystal clock is not based on gravity. Inertia of quartz affects the time clock rate. Acceleration sometimes affects inertia. Gravitational acceleration for free fall of a quartz crystal does not change the inertia of the quartz.

My Gravity Volume Theory

Gravity is caused by matter. Gravity is a space effect; a volume effect. The volume of matter in a star affects outer space’s gravity. Proton and neutron spheres cause gravity. The volume of each proton is V.

NV/τ = zA/(1 second) Eq. 1

Newton’s G constant factored. Outer space is related to proton volumes.

G = V / ( 2π τ m second) Eq. 2

Relativistic equations by Minkowski and Einstein used G from Newton. The factors in Eq. 2 improve the theory of gravity. V is the volume of a proton. N is number of protons and neutrons in a star (nucleons). τ (tau Greek letter) is a 5 nanosecond time constant for each proton to emit, while outer space in the amount of V is absorbed by that proton. That is the conservation of continuum. The 1 second is due to an experiment for a mass to fall a distance of z in Eq. 1. A is the area of a star. m is a proton mass.

Time is used two ways for a mass to be accelerated by gravity. A constant flow of space enters each proton and neutron, per second. Also, time is emitted by nucleons at c. When that time passes a mass, acceleration occurs for that remote mass.

This theory is compatible with the General Theory of Relativity where time has a negative sign compared to space dimensions, for gravitational phenomena. Time grows out of matter at the speed c, and space drains in slowly.

Acceleration of a remote small mass m, by a large mass M

The S speed of space is combined with t time to make acceleration. a =2S/second

At the surface of Earth, S = 4.9 meters per second.

Time is emitted at the speed c by the large mass M. That time passes m, the small test mass. When time passes, m accelerates, relative to M.

Atomic Time

Maxwell’s Equations are used to show how the units of measure are re-arranged to be the factors that compose a time constant for an LC electric resonator.

Time dilation of molecules is evaluated using an eight dimensional formula. The four usual dimensions are x, y, z, and t. The mirror in each proton reflects them so time grows from space. Also, traction from the four dimensions connects with four atomic dimensions: h_x, h_y, h_z, and t_h.

The permeability mu and the permittivity epsilon were in the Heaviside version of Maxwell’s equations.

Inverse time is frequency f:

f = 1 / (2 π sqrt(LC)) Eq. 3

where L is inductance in Henrys and C is capacitance in Farads. The calculations will show how all units of measure get canceled except seconds.

L inductance is about how much magnetic flux is driven by how slowly current changes

L =

Capacitance is about how much current is decreased by how slowly a voltage changes

C =

Mirrors of Times

Inside electrons and protons, there could be two types of mirrors.

Conclusion effort

In universities, students are taught that grams and Coulombs are basic. They do not have smaller factors that describe mass and charge. But universities are not on the leading edge of physics. Please consider my Composite Formula:

gram*Farad = meter² * seconds² Eq. 4

Solving for time:

second = sqrt( gram*Farad / meter² )

Substitution of Eq. 4 into standard equations of electric motors might be shown.

The curvature of time near a nucleus is described. It might be in the strong nuclear force.

April 18, 2026